دیدگاه زنانِ ایرانی در مورد سرطان پستان: مطالعه ای پدیدارشناسانه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هدف:درک دیدگاه زنانِ غیرمبتلاء از بیماری سرطان پستان می تواند در تدوین و اجرای مداخلات پیشگیرانه از این بیماری نقش موثری ایفاء نماید. این تحقیق تلاش کرد به درک بهتر ما از ادراک زنان ایرانی از سرطان پستان روشنی بیشتری بخشد. روش:در این پژوهش از روش کیفی مبتنی بر رویکرد پدیدارشناسی استفاده و داده های حاصل از مصاحبه های نیمه ساختار یافته با 39 زن 20-40 ساله که به شیوه هدفمند انتخاب شدند با استفاده از رویکرد کلایزی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها:در این پژوهش برای درکِ بهتر دیدگاه زنان ایرانی از سرطان پستان به چهار جنبه شامل چیستی ادراک شده، علل ادراک شده، احتمال ابتلاء ادراک شده و فرجام ادراک شده سرطان پستان پرداخته شد. ما دریافتیم زنان ایرانی ماهیت سرطان پستان را یک بیماری ترسناک، علامت دار، شرم آور و پیش رونده دانسته و احتمال ابتلاء ادراک شده سرطان پستان در مورد خودشان را به دلیل باورهای سبب شناسیِ شان از سرطان پستان، بسیار اندک ارزیابی می نمایند. نتیجه گیری:نتایج پژوهش حاضر کمک ارزشمندی به شناخت ادراک زنانِ ایرانی از بیماری سرطان پستان داشته و می تواند تلویحات سودمندی در مداخلات معطوف به افزایش آگاهی و انجام رفتارهای پیشگیرانه ی اثربخش تر و در نهایت کاهش مرگ های ناشی از تشخیص دیرهنگام این بیماری در میان جامعه ی زنانِ ایرانی داشته باشد.Iranian Women's Perspectives on Breast Cancer: A Phenomenological Study
Introduction and the problem statement: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Iran. Understanding non-affected women’s perspectives of breast cancer can effectively contribute to the development and implementation of preventive interventions against this disease. The aim of this study is to give more clarity to our understanding of Iranian women's perception of breast cancer. Previous studies: There are a large number of "qualitative" studies conducted on the lived experiences of "women with breast cancer" of suffering from this disease. As a matter of fact, most of the studies examining "non-infected women’s" knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors in relation to breast cancer have used "quantitative" approaches in order to describe demographic variables associated with women's awareness of and performance in performing preventive screenings. The present study is regarded as one of the few qualitative studies on Iranian non-affected women’s views on breast cancer. Research methodology: In this study, a phenomenological qualitative method was used in order to accurately describe Iranian women’s views about breast cancer, and the data derived from the semi-structured interviews with 39 women aged between 20-40, who were selected in a purposeful manner, were analyzed using the Colaizzi approach. The saturation criterion was employed in order to determine the sample size and evaluate the sampling adequacy. The interviews lasted 25-40 min and were audio-recorded. Also, an interview guide was prepared for the study. The participants were asked to answer a number of questions on four subject areas including (1) women’s knowledge and perception about cancer in general and breast cancer in particular, (2) women's beliefs about the causes of breast cancer (3) women's beliefs about the probability of them getting breast cancer, and (4) women's beliefs about their possible experience in case of breast cancer and any cancer-related perceptions. The data derived from the interviews were analyzed in seven steps by the use of the Colaizzi approach. Research findings: This study addressed four aspects including (1) the perceived nature (e.g., scary, symptomatic, shameful, and progressive), (2) the perceived causes (e.g., hereditary, environmental, lifestyle, and psychological factors), (3) the perceived probability (e.g., immunization, acceptance of the possibility of infection), and (4) the perceived outcome of (e.g., harmful to female identity, deadly and treatable if diagnosed early) of the breast cancer in order to better understand Iranian women's point of view about this disease. Thinking about cancer is a terrifying experience for most women. The women who participated in this study considered breast cancer as a symptomatic disease and pointed out the presence of palpable (mass) and visible (bleeding, discharge, and deformity) or understandable (pain) symptoms. They considered this type of cancer as a progressive disease that can spread to other organs and parts of the body. Although they cited the changes that occurred in recent years regarding the acceptance of women-related issues and diseases such as menstruation, uterine cancer, and breast cancer, they believed that suffering from breast cancer, education, and discussion about it is still considered a shameful issue among the Iranian society. In explaining the causes of the disease, they paid more attention to the presence of hereditary factors and considered breast cancer as a hereditary disease. They believed that psychological factors play a critical role in getting cancer. They imagined two paths for the influence of these factors: First, they evaluated the presence of unpleasant emotional moods, e.g., stress and anxiety, as an important factor in the occurrence of breast cancer; and second, they evaluated thinking about the negative aspects of life, e.g., the disease itself, as a cause of the breast cancer. Discussion and conclusion: Several outcomes can
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