بررسی تاثیر دولت مدرن بر ابداع هویت ملی ترکیه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
با ظهور ترک های جوان در سال ۱۹۰۸ میلادی، بحث محوری محافل روشنفکری ترک این بود که با چه ایده ای می توان امپراطوری عثمانی را حفظ کرد. در این دوره سه ایده اسلام گرایی، عثمانی گرایی و پان ترکیسم برای بقای امپراتوری مطرح شدند که با توجه به شکست های نظامی عثمانی در بالکان و کودتای جناح تندرو ترک های جوان به رهبری طلعت پاشا، انور پاشا و جمال پاشا، دو ایده اول توسط نخبگان سیاسی کنار گذاشته شدند و ایده سوم یعنی پان ترکیسم توسط آنها برگزیده شد. سوال اصلی پژوهش این است که چرا از میان سه ایده مذکور، پان ترکیسم توسط نخبگان سیاسی وقت برگزیده شد؟ شناخت ریشه های جریان پان ترکیسم به جهت ملاحظات سیاسی و امنیتی ناشی از همجواری مناطق آذری زبان ایران با کشورهای ترکیه و آذربایجان، امری ضروری در راستای حفظ و تامین منافع ملی ایران می باشد. در این پژوهش با استفاده از روش کیفی می کوشیم تا استدلال نماییم که این ایده جعلی توانست با بهره گیری از نهاد دولت مدرن، دست به تحریف واقعیات تاریخی بزند و از این طریق هویتی متناسب با مرزهای کشور نوین ترکیه خلق و ابداع نماید.The Impact of the Modern State on the Invention of Turkish National Identity
Extended IntroductionWith the victory of the Young Turk's Revolution in 1908, the central issue of Turkish political and intellectual circles was the idea of preserving the Ottoman Empire and preventing its political decay. Three ideas of Pan Islamism , Ottomanism and Pan Turkism were introduced in the Ottoman society during this period. Due to the successive defeats of the Ottoman Caliphate in the Balkans and the coup d'etat of the Young Turk extremists, leading by Talaat Pasha, Jamal Pasha and Enver Pasha, the first two ideas were rejected by the political elite and the third idea, Pan Turkism or pan Turanism, was chosen. This idea, which was rooted in the theories of the Tatars who were under the rule of the Tsarist Russian Empire, Orientalists and Western ethnologists and the new generation of educated elites, was able to use the institution of modern state for transforming dimensions such as ethnicity, language, mythology and the fatherland, the national economy, and the secular education system -which was tasked with reproducing the previous elements- to invent a new tradition and identity for the new borders of Contemporary Turkey. Despite the destruction and dissolution of the Ottomans in 1924, the violent transition from a multinational empire to a Turkish nation-state had been started by the young turks reforms. MethodologyThe method used in this research is based on qualitative analysis according to its historical and epistemological approach; Qualitative studies try to interpret the motivations, relations and rules between the people and the considered institutions by referring to historical facts beyond the theories that have a backward approach to the phenomena. Also, research data has been collected by referring to library sources and documents that correspond to historical topics. Results and DiscussionAt the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire reached its ultimate weakness during the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II. At this time, three ideas of Pan Islamism, Ottomanism and Pan Turkism were proposed in order to overcome the crisis of the empire. In such a situation, a group of political elites known as the Young Turks -who were members of the C.U.P or Committee of Union and Progress- came to power in 1908 with the overthrow of Sultan Abdulhamid II in order to prevent the collapse of the empire. Among this group, there were two different intellectual trends; The first was the Liberal branch, which was influenced by the United States of America's nation-building model and tried to form a federal state while maintaining the equal rights of the imperial minorities. The latter was radical branch who were influenced by the romantic nationalism school of Germany and France and seeking the way of empire survival in building a powerful central state in which the Turks would have the upper hand. Until 1913, the liberal branch of the Young Turks dominated on affairs, but they failed to implement their idea of Ottomanism. Also, the Ottoman military defeats against Italy (1911) and the Balkan Union (1912) caused the loss of the European and African parts of the empire's territory, and a suitable platform was provided for the presence of the radical movement of Young Turks through a coup d'état at the head of affairs. The new government was led by Talat Pasha, Jamal Pasha and Anwar Pasha came to power. Considering the difficulty and improbability of realizing the ideas of Pan Islamism and Ottomanism in the new territory, this group started the invention of tradition in form of Pan Turkism ideology, in Hobsbawm's interpretation. The intellectual contexts of Pan Turkism were first formed by a group of Tatars from Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Balkans in response to the forced nation-building policies of Tsarist Russia and cultural resistance against it, then through European orientalists and Turkish intellectuals. Turk became popular in scientific and political circles. Therefore according to the new borders and the dominant ethnicity of the Ottoman Empire (Turks), a new identity was created in domains such as language, ethnicity, mythology, economy and secular education system, which continued during the Republic of Turkey. ConcolusionsIn this article, we tried to describe the situation of Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century until its decay and show how the political elites Committee of Union and Progress and then the Republic of Turkey invented a new identity for the new Turk country. By revolution of the Young Turks in 1908 and continuing military defeats suffered by the empire in 1911 and 1912, the Turkish political elites decided to advance a nation-building project in accordance with the new borders of the Caliphate. In this period, the three ideas of Pan Islamism, Ottomanism and Pan Turkism were prevalent between the intellectuals. But due to the limitation of the empire's territory to the current Turkey, the first two ideas- Pan Islamism and Ottomanism- were abandoned and from 1913 the Young Turks decided to elect the idea of Pan Turkism. This idea was manifested with the help of the State in the five levels of language, ethnicity, myth making, national economy and secular education -as a reproducer of the first four elements- and helped the political elites to create a new nation according to the new borders of the Ottoman Empire. After the Young Turks, these social engineerings were continued in the Republic of Turkey by Ataturk and a modern identity was invented for new Turkey.
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