سارا کشکار

Football stadiums are the main infrastructures of this popular sport in the society. The purpose of this study is to provide a Pattern for cultural promotion in football fans in stadiums in Iran, which was done by qualitative research method and using grounded theory approach. Through snowball sampling and by conducting 21 semi-structured interviews with university professors and experts in football and culture theoretical saturation was achieved. The results of data analysis in 3 stages of open-coding, axial-coding and selective coding indicate 28 categories that these findings are within the framework of the final model including: Hooliganism, behavioral factors, media, managerial challenges, infrastructural factors and Juridical and legal as causal factors; the nature of football, advocacy and government actions and policy making as context factors; Celebrities, social contexts, economic conditions, Trends and interest, cultural and social and technology as an intervener; manpower, education and training, media, cyberspace, structural strategies and Infrastructural strategies as appropriate ways to promote the level of culture in football fans in stadiums as strategies. According to the proposed pattern, promoting the cultural level of the spectators, marketing development, Exercise promotion, financial development, social progress, the growth of moral security and growth of behavioral security in Iran can be mentioned as positive consequences of promoting cultural levels in football fan in stadiums.

Writing effective and persuasive manuscripts for submission to the high-indexed Iranian and international English-medium journals for the purpose of publication deserves having to-the-point knowledge and proficiency, which the Non-Native English writers of the non-English speaking countries seem to be lacking. Therefore, researchers need to identify problems and challenges that the group of writers encounter in the field of English for Research Publication Purposes (ERPP). Therefore, this study aims to identify the ERPP needs of the Physical Education Ph.D. students and writers. Hence, interviews were conducted with a group of Physical Education content experts and Ph.D. students to identify the writers’ problems and challenges. The interviews were tape recorded as the participants had already been informed of the recordings and research aim. The tape recordings were then transcribed and analyzed in the thematic analysis and the grounded theory methods. The data analysis came up with four major themes (gained in the selective coding stage), 20 sub-themes (gained in the axial coding stage) and 83 themes (gained in the initial/open coding stage). The four major themes were `problem with language,’ `problem with content,’ `problem with journals,’ and `the demotivating factors.’ The fourth major theme, i.e., `the demotivating factors’, consisted of the sub-heading the technological illiteracy problem, which should be regarded as the novelty feature of this paper. The research is useful for material designers and instructors of the English for Specific Academic Purposes (ESAP) and others to offer tailor-made education to the tertiary level Physical Education students.

Competency of managers plays a critical role in the success of the organizations. The aim of this study was to investigate the competency of managers of Sports and Youth Offices in Alborz, Iran. 134 managers and staff of Sport and youth offices completed the researcher-developed questionnaire. Two questionnaires with 50 questions were used to get the research data, one questionnaire completed by managers and the other completed by staff. For validity, the questionnaires content were approved by 10 sports management experts, and their reliability were confirmed by Cronbachs alpha, respectively, 0.83 for the managers questionnaire and 0.90 for the staff questionnaire. Friedman, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and t-test were conducted to test the research hypotheses. Result of the study shows that there is a significant difference between managers and Staff concerning communication skills, decision-making, encouragement, business communication, leadership, team development, and deployment of positive feature of the managers.