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Background : There are conflicting findings regarding the effect of various training modalities on the cardiovascular disease mechanisms induced by undesirable modifications in extracellular matrix (ECM) factors such as MMP-9 and TIMP-1. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different training protocols on the MMP-9 and TIMP-1 gene expression in the myocardium of Wistar male rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight adult Wistar male rats (aged: 8 weeks) were randomly allocated into two control (Con8w/base, n=8; and Con16w/end control, n=8) and four training groups (MICT, n=8; PICT, n=8; HIIT, n=8; and MIST, n=8). The training protocols consisted of 8 weeks (5 days/week) of Moderate-Intensity, Continuous Training (MICT: 37 min running with 65% vVO 2 max), Moderate-Intensity, Swimming Training (MIST: 30 min free-swimming), Progressive-Intensity, Continuous Training (PICT: 28 min running with a progressive increase in the incline of the treadmill by 2% per week), and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT: four running bouts 4 min with 90 to 100% vVO 2 max + 3 min with 50-65% vVO 2 max). Myocardial samples were isolated 24 hours after the last training session. Gene expression was determined using the real-time PCR method. All data (M±SD) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests at α ≤0.05. Results : There were significant differences between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression in the animals myocardium after different exercise training protocols ( P <0.01). The lowest and highest MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios were in the HIIT and MICT protocols, respectively. Conclusion: According to our findings, the HIIT protocol may play a more influential role in enhancing myocardial ECM-remodeling and fibrosis indicators during lifespan than the other exercise protocols.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one technology that can revolutionize traditional methods and transform sports infrastructure. To promote the adoption of IoT effectively, it's vital for sports manager to understand the factors that positively and negatively affect it. The aim of this study was to investigate how perceived risk impacts people's willingness to use IoT technology in sports. This quantitative study used a survey method and applied a descriptive approach. The statistical population included Iranian athletes, and 394 individuals completed questionnaires using a non-probability sampling method. Data analysis was performed using Smart PLS3 software. Results showed that perceived risk has a direct and negative impact on perceived ease of use, willingness to use, and perceived usefulness. However, its effect on attitude towards use was insignificant. The study also confirmed the positive impact of perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness and attitude towards use. Perceived usefulness had a greater effect on the latter variable. Additionally, perceived usefulness had a significant positive impact on willingness to use IoT technology in sports, as did attitude towards use. Attitude towards use also had a significant positive impact on willingness to use IoT technology in sports. The study recommends implementing strategies to enhance and improve perceived usefulness, ease of use, and attitude towards use while reducing perceived risk to increase acceptance and willingness to use IoT technology in sports.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a pulmonary rehabilitation exercise program on post-COVID-19 patients. Method : Three patients (two women and one man) with different severities, from moderate to severe, were selected. Blood pressure, heart rate, blood oxygen, and body function were measured at the beginning and end of the exercises, which included 12 sessions of arm and leg cycle ergometer and treadmill with adjustable resistance levels. Patients’ functionality was assessed using the Barthel index, and their quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire. Results: Regarding the first patient, oxygen saturation increased from 85 to 95, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) result increased from 0 to 420 meters, and the Barthel index increased from 35 to 85. For the second patient, arterial oxygen saturation increased from 82 to 92, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) result increased from 0 to 390 meters, and the Barthel index increased from 30 to 90. For the third patient, arterial oxygen saturation increased from 87 to 96, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) result increased from 320 to 510 meters, and the Barthel index increased from 60 to 85. All the patients showed improvements in their physical functions, such as walking, personal affairs, and quality of life. This functional improvement was higher in more severe levels of the disease. Conclusion: Based on the results, it seems that pulmonary rehabilitation exercises for post-COVID-19 patients can contribute to the improvement of their status, arterial oxygen level, quality of life, and pulmonary functionality.

The current study aims to explain a communication model for quantum leadership, productivity and empowerment of personnel in the Ministry of Sport and Youth using Interpretive-Structural Modeling approach. The research population included all of the personnel in the Ministry of Sport and Youth, and 269 persons were selected randomly as the research sample. The research tool was questionnaires adopted from the literature for collecting the research data. Twelve sport management experts and Cronbach’s alpha method, respectively confirmed the validity and reliability of the questionnaires. SPSS software and interpretive-structural modeling (ISM) approach were applied to analyze the research data. The results indicated the optimal level in the quantum leadership, as well as personnel productivity, and empowerment. Based on the results, an increase in the level of quantum leadership in the Ministry of Sport and Youth raises the level of personnel productivity, and empowerment. In addition, an increase in the personnel empowerment level in the Ministry of Sport and Youth increases the level of personnel productivity.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of HIFT exercise, on creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in blood serum in overweight adult men. Method : Twenty-two untrained non-smoker overweight men (age, 42.9 ± 5.6 years; body mass, 94.2 ± 9.3 kg; body height, 178.9 ± 4.5 cm; and BMI, 29.04 ± 3.3 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in this study and performed a session of HIFT exercise with 80-85% HRmax consisting of three sets of 10 exercises. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after training to measure serum CK and LDH levels. Results: The HIFT protocol significantly increased serum CK (Pre: 114.6 U/L; Post: 124.3U/L; p< 0.05{t=-5.48, p=0.001}); Also, LDH had a significant increase (pre:213.4 U/L, post: 225.4U/L; p<0.05{t=-4.09, p=0.001}). Conclusion: It can be concluded that HIFT with AMRAP (as many repeats as possible) protocol will lead to a significant increase in some indicators of muscle damage such as CK and LDH levels in overweight men. This protocol can lead to muscle damage in overweight men.

Volunteers are valuable resources for sports organizations. Most of the sports organizations need to identify and employ the volunteers simultaneously in order to continue their activities. The present study made an effort to identify the requirements and functions of ambidextrous management of sports volunteers. Considering this aim, the meta-synthesis research method was used to carry out the study. More specifically, based on the process of the meta-synthesis research method, at the first stage, 312 papers were identified by searching the relevant databases. At the second phase, 55 papers were selected by screening the identified papers. Finally, the model of the study was developed by analyzing the selected papers. The model involved five ambidextrous requirement categories including the managerial, organizational, physical, strategic values, and motivational categories. Moreover, it comprised three ambidextrous function categories including empowering measures, opportunity-creating measures, and motivating measures categories. The sports managers can focus on the ambidextrous management requirements and the ambidextrous management functions including the empowering measures, opportunity-creating measures, and motivating measures in order to use the ambidextrous sports voltmeter management system and to exploit these human resources to achieve the goals of their organizations.